1. Ensure normal working load

工程机械工作载荷的大小和性质对机械的损耗过程有着重要的影响。一般来说，零件的磨损随负荷的增加而成比例地增加。当零件承受的载荷高于平均设计载荷时，其磨损将会加剧。另外，在其他条件相同时，稳定的载荷比动载荷下磨损要小，故障少，寿命低。

The size and nature of the working load of construction machinery have a significant impact on the mechanical loss process. Generally speaking, the wear of parts increases proportionally with the increase of load. When the load borne by the component is higher than the average design load, its wear will intensify. In addition, when other conditions are the same, the wear under stable load is smaller than that under dynamic load, with fewer failures and low service life.

试验表明，发动机在不稳定载荷下工作与稳定载荷下工作比较，其气缸的磨损将增大两倍。在正常负荷下工作的发动机，其故障发生率较低，且寿命延长。相反，超负荷运转的发动机，故障发生率明显增多，寿命也会比设计指标减少。因此，经常处于大范围负荷变动的机械磨损量大于连续稳定工作的机械。

Experiments have shown that when the engine operates under unstable load compared to stable load, the wear of its cylinders will increase by two times. Engines operating under normal load have a lower failure rate and longer lifespan. On the contrary, overloaded engines have a significant increase in fault occurrence and a decrease in lifespan compared to design specifications. Therefore, the wear and tear of machinery that is often subject to large-scale load changes is greater than that of machinery that operates continuously and stably.

2、减少各种腐蚀作用

2. Reduce various corrosive effects

金属表面与周围介质发生化学或电化学作用而遭受破坏的现象称腐蚀。这种腐蚀作用不但会影响机械外表设备的正常工作，而且会腐蚀到机械内部的零部件。如雨水、空气中的化学物质等通过机械零部件的对外通道、缝隙等进入机械内部，腐蚀机械零件内部，加速机械磨损，增加机械故障。

The phenomenon of metal surface being damaged by chemical or electrochemical interactions with surrounding media is called corrosion. This corrosive effect not only affects the normal operation of the external equipment of the machinery, but also corrodes the internal components of the machinery. For example, rainwater, chemicals in the air, etc. enter the interior of the machine through the external channels and gaps of mechanical parts, corrode the interior of Machine element, accelerate mechanical wear, and increase mechanical failures.

由于这种腐蚀作用有时是看不见、摸不着的，容易被人忽视，因而其危害性更大。在使用中，管理和操作人员要根据当时当地天气情况、空气污染情况，采取有效的措施，减小化学腐蚀对机械的影响，是防止雨水及空气中化学成分对机械的侵入，尽可能减少雨中作业。

Due to the fact that this corrosive effect is sometimes invisible or untouchable, it is easily overlooked and therefore more harmful. During use, management and operators should take effective measures based on the local weather conditions and air pollution at the time to reduce the impact of chemical corrosion on the machinery, with a focus on preventing the intrusion of rainwater and chemical components in the air into the machinery, and minimizing operations in the rain as much as possible.

3、减少机械杂质的影响

3. Reduce the impact of mechanical impurities

机械杂质一般指的是灰尘、土壤等非金属物质和工程机械在使用过程中自身产生的一些金属屑、磨损产物等。这些杂质一旦进入机械内部，到达机械的配合表面之间，其危害是很大的，不但使相对运动出来阻滞，加速零件的磨损，而且会擦伤配合表面，破坏润滑油膜，使零件温度升高、润滑油变质。

Mechanical impurities generally refer to non-metallic substances such as dust and soil, as well as some metal chips and wear products generated by engineering machinery during use. Once these impurities enter the interior of the machine and reach between the mating surfaces of the machine, their harm is significant. They not only hinder relative motion and accelerate the wear of the parts, but also scratch the mating surface, damage the lubricating oil film, and cause the temperature of the parts to rise, leading to the deterioration of the lubricating oil.

据测定，润滑中机械杂质增加到0.15%时，发动机道活塞环的磨损速度将比正常值大2.5倍;滚动轴随进入杂质微粒时，其寿命将降低80%-90%。因此，对于工作在环境恶劣、条件复杂场所的工程机械来说，一要使用、配套的零部件及润滑油、润滑脂，堵住有害杂质的源头；二要做好工作现场的机械防护工作，保证相应机构能正常工作，防止各种杂质进入机械内部。对出现故障的机械，尽量到正规的修理场所进行修理。现场修理时，也要做好防护措施，防止现场修理时更换的零部件在进入机械前受到灰尘等杂质的污染。

According to measurements, when mechanical impurities in lubrication increase to 0.15%, the wear rate of the first piston ring of the engine will be 2.5 times higher than the normal value; When the rolling shaft enters impurities, its lifespan will decrease by 80% -90%. Therefore, for construction machinery working in harsh and complex environments, it is necessary to use high-quality and matching components, lubricants, and greases to block the source of harmful impurities; Secondly, it is necessary to do a good job in mechanical protection at the work site to ensure that the corresponding mechanisms can work normally and prevent various impurities from entering the interior of the machinery. For machinery that has malfunctioned, try to go to a formal repair site for repair. During on-site repairs, protective measures should also be taken to prevent the replaced parts from being contaminated by impurities such as dust before entering the machinery.

4、减少温度的影响

4. Reduce the impact of temperature

在工作中，各个零部件的温度都有各自的正常范围。如一般冷却水的温度为80-90℃，液压传动系统液压油的温度为30-60℃，低于或超过此范围就会加速零件的磨损，引起润滑油变质，造成材料性能变化等等。

In work, the temperature of each component has its own normal range. For example, the temperature of cooling water is generally 80-90 ℃, and the temperature of hydraulic oil in hydraulic transmission systems is 30-60 ℃. If it falls below or exceeds this range, it will accelerate the wear of parts, cause lubricant deterioration, and cause changes in material properties.

试验表明，各种工程机械的主传动齿轮和轴承在-5℃的润滑油中运转比在3℃的润滑油中运转，磨损要增大10-12倍。但当温度过高时，又会加速润滑油的变质，如机油温度超过55-60℃时，油温每升高5℃，机油的氧化速度将提高一倍。

Experiments have shown that the wear of the main transmission gears and bearings of various construction machinery increases by 10-12 times when operating in -5 ℃ lubricating oil compared to operating in 3 ℃ lubricating oil. But when the temperature is too high, it will accelerate the deterioration of the lubricating oil. For example, when the oil temperature exceeds 55-60 ℃, the oxidation rate of the oil will double for every 5 ℃ increase in oil temperature.

为此，工程机械在使用过程中，一要防止低温下进行超负荷运转，保证低速预温阶段的正常运行，使机械达到规定温度后再进行行驶或工作，不要因为当时不出现问题而忽视其重要作用；二要防止机械在高温下运转，机械运行过程中要经常检查各种温度表上的数值，发现问题立即停机进行检查，发现故障及时排除。

Therefore, during the use of construction machinery, it is necessary to prevent overload operation at low temperatures, ensure normal operation during the low-speed preheating stage, and allow the machinery to reach the specified temperature before driving or working. Do not neglect its important role because there are no problems at that time; Secondly, it is necessary to prevent the machinery from operating at high temperatures. During the operation of the machinery, it is necessary to frequently check the values on various temperature gauges. If any problems are found, the machine should be immediately shut down for inspection and any faults should be promptly resolved.