1、 Classification of special excavators

1.物料挖掘类

1. Material mining

(1)水陆两用挖掘机

(1) Amphibious excavator

水陆两用挖掘机以普通挖掘机上车平台为基础，配备了中空浮箱式底盘，从而使其具有在沼泽、滩涂等松软地面上行走、停驻、作业的能力。此类设备仍以铲斗挖掘物料为主，在河道清淤、湖泊滩涂作业方面适应能力很强。

The amphibious excavator is based on the common excavator loading platform and is equipped with a hollow floating box chassis, which enables it to walk, park and work on soft ground such as marsh and mudflat. This kind of equipment is still mainly used to excavate materials with buckets, and has strong adaptability in river dredging and lake mudflat operations.

(2)加长臂型挖掘机

(2) Extended arm excavator

普通挖掘机通过更换加长的动臂、斗杆，即成为加长臂型挖掘机。加长臂型挖掘机能实现较大范围的作业，广泛用于河道疏浚、湖泊清洁、水库维护等特殊工况，同时也可用大坡面的修缮工作。华体会国际 用于水下挖掘时，为保证较好的视野，通常在斗杆上配置水下摄像头，以便驾驶员随时掌握铲斗和物料状态。

An ordinary excavator becomes an extended-arm excavator by replacing the extended boom and stick. The extended-arm excavator can achieve a wide range of operations, and is widely used in river dredging, lake cleaning, reservoir maintenance and other special conditions, as well as the repair of large slope. When the extended-arm excavator is used for underwater excavation, in order to ensure a better view, the underwater camera is usually equipped on the dipper bar so that the driver can grasp the bucket and material status at any time.

水陆两用挖掘机与加长臂通过相互结合，形成优势互补，能够更好地完成滩涂和水下挖掘工作，是大型滩涂作业和维护的必备机械。图1所示为某加长臂水陆两用挖掘机。

The amphibious excavator and the extended arm form complementary advantages by combining each other, which can better complete the mudflat and underwater excavation work. It is a necessary machine for large-scale mudflat operation and maintenance. Figure 1 shows a brand of extended-arm amphibious excavator.

(4)贝壳斗

(4) Shell hopper

贝壳斗由于其外形和动作类似贝壳而得名，在斗形闭合时料斗可形成封闭的腔体。贝壳斗主要包含主机架、左斗、右斗和驱动液压缸。贝壳斗类似于梅花抓斗，一般也只有开合动作。贝壳斗容量大但挖掘力小，为此主要用于轻质松散物料的装卸和搬运，如用于港口、码头、煤场的装沙、装煤等。

The shell hopper is named because its shape and action are similar to the shell. When the bucket is closed, the hopper can form a closed cavity. The shell bucket mainly includes the main frame, the left bucket, the right bucket and the drive hydraulic cylinder. The shell bucket is similar to the plum blossom bucket, and generally has only opening and closing actions. The shell bucket has a large capacity but a small digging force. Therefore, it is mainly used for loading, unloading and handling of light loose materials, such as sand loading and coal loading in ports, docks and coal yards.

3.物料破裂与剪切类

3. Material rupture and shearing

挖掘机通过安装不同属具，不仅可以实现土石方等物料的搬运，还可以用于各种物料破碎、破裂、剪切等。物料破裂类挖掘机的属具主要有3类，分别是破碎锤、液压剪和裂土器。

By installing different accessories, the excavator can not only realize the handling of earth-rock and other materials, but also be used for crushing, breaking, shearing, etc. of various materials. There are three main types of accessories of material breaking excavator, namely, breaking hammer, hydraulic shear and ripper.

(1)破碎锤

(1) Crushing hammer

破碎锤又称液压破碎器，是挖掘机应用相当广泛的一种特殊机具，主要用于建筑、道路拆除工程以及矿山石料破碎工作。现在已经有很大一部分挖掘机，在出厂时都标配了液压破碎管路。

Crushing hammer, also known as hydraulic crusher, is a special tool widely used in excavators, mainly used in construction, road demolition works and mine stone crushing. Now, a large number of excavators are equipped with hydraulic crushing pipelines as standard when leaving the factory.

(2)裂土器

(2) Ripper

普通挖掘机的铲斗挖掘土方、碎石等相对松软物料时，可轻松穿透基料从而实现挖掘，但当基料被长时间压实或为整块岩石，其则不能正常挖掘。遇到此种状况，一般通过破碎等方法先碎裂表面后再进行挖掘。

When the bucket of ordinary excavator excavates relatively soft materials such as earth and gravel, it can easily penetrate the base material to achieve excavation, but when the base material is compacted for a long time or is a whole rock, it cannot be excavated normally. In this case, the surface is generally broken by crushing and other methods before excavation.

对普通挖掘机的动臂、斗杆等结构件进行强化、改进，将其挖掘力提高原来的2倍左右，再给其配装单齿裂土器，该设备便能的破裂表面坚硬的物料。在特殊作业工况，这种设备不仅作业效率高，而且噪声很小(远小于破碎锤)。某特型挖掘机裂土施工。

Strengthen and improve the boom, bucket and other structural parts of the ordinary excavator, increase its digging force to about 2 times of the original, and then equip it with a single-tooth ripper, so that the equipment can effectively crack materials with hard surface. Under special working conditions, this equipment not only has high working efficiency, but also has low noise (far less than the breaking hammer). A special excavator is used to crack soil.

(3)液压剪

(3) Hydraulic shear

液压剪具有和抓管机类似的结构，同样具有回转和开合2个动作。其工作原理如下:液压缸输出巨大的推力，通过机构放大后，在钳口处形成极大的剪切力，以剪断普通的钢材、水泥等材料。液压剪主要用于废旧金属剪切、汽车拆解、建筑物拆解等。将其安装在多节超长臂的挖掘机上用以拆除高楼，便可产生另一类特种挖掘机——拆楼机。

The hydraulic shear has a similar structure to the pipe grabbing machine, and also has two actions of turning and opening. Its working principle is as follows: the hydraulic cylinder outputs a huge thrust, which is amplified by the mechanism and forms a huge shear force at the jaw to cut off ordinary steel, cement and other materials. Hydraulic shear is mainly used for scrap metal cutting, automobile disassembly, building disassembly, etc. When it is installed on the excavator with multi-section and super-long arm to demolish tall buildings, another type of special excavator, the building demolition machine, can be produced.

4.物料夯实类

4. Material compaction

在挖掘机上配装上振动夯实器即可使其成为物料夯实类挖掘机。振动夯实器通过输出周期性的冲击力来实现特定的功能。振动夯实器可完成平面、斜面及其他复杂基础面的夯实作业，将其与挖掘机配套使用，既可用于桥台背、涵侧、边角转折处、路肩堤坝的夯实，也可用于各种建筑沟槽、地基管道等城市辅助设施的夯实。

A vibratory compactor can be equipped on the excavator to make it a material compaction excavator. Vibratory compactor can achieve specific functions by outputting periodic impact force. The vibratory compactor can complete the compaction of plane, slope and other complex foundation surfaces. It can be used in conjunction with excavators, not only for the compaction of abutment backs, culvert sides, corner turns, road shoulders and embankments, but also for the compaction of various construction ditches, foundation pipes and other urban auxiliary facilities.

5.木料采伐集材类

5. Timber cutting and skidding

(1)采伐类

(1) Logging

对挖掘机进行适应性改进，并给其配装采伐类属具，即可实现采伐功能。现代化的采伐类挖掘机(伐木机)作为一种林业联合作业设备，不仅能伐木，同时还能打枝去皮、生产原条和原木。如图6所示。

The cutting function can be realized by improving the adaptability of the excavator and equipping it with cutting accessories. As a kind of forestry joint operation equipment, modern logging excavator (logging machine) can not only cut wood, but also cut branches and bark, and produce logs and logs. As shown in Figure 6.

(2)集材类

(2) Skidding

在林场内，大尺寸木材常使用推土机或拖拉机、集材类挖掘机进行拖拽。对挖掘机进行适应性改进，给其加装集材类属具，便可将改装为集材类挖掘机。如图7所示。目前，国内主要挖掘机厂家如徐工、柳工、三一等都相应开发了此类产品。在陡坡、深沟等机器无法抵达的位置完成集材，需通过挖掘机搭截绞盘机完成。目前，已经实现这种功能的产品有小松PC200-8M0型挖掘机与卡特320D型挖掘机等。

In the forest farm, large timber is often dragged by bulldozers or tractors, skidding excavators. The excavator can be converted into a skidding excavator by improving its adaptability and adding skidding accessories. As shown in Figure 7. At present, major domestic excavator manufacturers such as XCMG, Liugong and Sany have developed such products accordingly. To finish skidding at places where the machine cannot reach such as steep slopes and deep ditches, it is necessary to use the excavator to set up the winch. At present, the products that have achieved this function include Komatsu PC200-8M0 excavator and Carter 320D excavator.

6.物料清理类

6. Material cleaning

液压挖掘机搭载液压开带机，可用于清理灌木丛和低矮乔木等。除此之外，此类设备还可用于森林防火阻隔带开设、林区道路的日常维护，以及河流应急阻隔带、应急防火通道的开辟等。

The hydraulic excavator is equipped with a hydraulic belt opener, which can be used to clean shrubs and low trees. In addition, such equipment can also be used for the opening of forest fire barriers, the daily maintenance of forest roads, and the opening of river emergency barriers and emergency fire passages.